Electronotes Application Notes Numerical listing - AN-1 THROUGH AN-376 AN-1 Five Volt One Amp Power Supplies for TTL AN-2 Bipolar 15 Volt Supplies for Op-Amps AN-3 Use of IC Voltage Regulators for Powering Equipment from Car Batteries AN-4 Testing and Using LED's and LED Readouts AN-5 Notch Filters for Hum Rejection AN-6 Using the 555 as a Monostable AN-7 Design of Second-Order Low-Pass Filters AN-8 Design of Fourth-Order Low-Pass Filters AN-9 Circuit for Detecting Slowly Changing Signals AN-10 IC Amplifier Selection Guide AN-11 Determining the "Q" of a State-Variable Filter AN-12 The BIQUAD Active Filter Circuit AN-13 Equalisers and Tone Controls AN-14 How to Actually Build Something Part 1: Parts and Supplies AN-15 How to Actually Build Something - Part 2: Circuit Boards AN-16 How to Actually Build Something - Part 3: Soldering in Parts AN-17 How to Actually Build Something - Part 4: Packaging AN-18 How to Actually Build Something - Part 5: Miscellaneous Hints AN-19 Simple Linear Voltage-Controlled Oscillator AN-20 Improving the Linear VCO AN-21 Applying the CA3080 OTA AN-22 Gain Control Applications of the CA3080 AN-23 The CA3080 as a Voltage-Controlled Resistor AN-24 Overdriven, Saturating, and Switching Applications of the CA3080 AN-25 Low-Q Bandpass Filter AN-26 Bandpass Filter Examples AN-27 Simple Clocking Oscillators for Digital IC's AN-28 Simple Op-Amp Multivibrator Circuit AN-29 Simple Sine-Wave Oscillators AN-30 More Clocking Oscillators with Digital IC's AN-31 Schmitt Trigger Circuits with ICs AN-32 The 555 as a Collection of Devices AN-33 Simple Interface Circuits with CMOS AN-34 Delay Line Setup with the MN3OOl AN-35 Delay Line Setup with the SAD1024 AN-36 Applying Delay Line Evaluation Setups AN-37 High-Q Bandpass Filter AN-38 High-Q Bandpass Filter Example AN-39 Design of Second-Order High-Pass Filters AN-4O Design of Fourth-Order High-Pass Filters AN-41 Summing Amplifiers AN-42 RMS to DC Converter AN-43 Selecting Resistors for a Given Application AN-44 Selecting Capacitors for a Given Application AN-45 Graphical Determination of Frequency Response - S-Plane Case AN-46 Graphical Determination of Phase Response AN-47 Graphical Relationships in the Z-Plane AN-48 Z-Plane Graphical Relationships for First-Order Systems AN-49 Z-Plane Graphical Relationships - A Second-Order Example AN-50 Discrete Time All-Pass Networks AN-51 Discrete Time Notch Filters AN-52 Relationships for Higher-Order Discrete Time Filters AN-53 Graphs for Decibels AN-54 A Staircase Wave Generation Technique AN-55 R-Filters AN-56 R-Filter Method of Op-Amp Frequency Response Testing AN-57 Algebra Tricks We Have All Forgotten AN-58 Some Hard to Remember Things About Trigonometry AN-59 Some Easily Forgotten Things About Complex Numbers AN-60 Hyperbolic Functions AN-61 Fourier Series Square Wave Example AN-62 Low-Passed Square Wave - Time Analysis AN-63 Low-Passed Square Wave - Frequency Analysis AN-64 Reference Table - Fourier Series AN-65 Single Stage Phase Shifter AN-66 Lissajous Figures AN-67 Simple Triangle-Square Oscillator AN-68 Analogue Multipliers AN-69 Additional Analogue Multipliers AN-70 Signal Splitting Techniques AN-71 Multi-Mode Filter Based on First-Order Low-Pass AN-72 The Twin-T Filter AN-73 Multi-Phase Scanning with Sawtooth Waveforms AN-74 Mathematical Factoring AN-75 Designing Butterworth Filters Without Data AN-76 Graphical Methods for Chebyshev Pole Placements AN-77 TI-58/59 Program for |T(s)| AN-78 TI-58/59 Program for |H(z)| AN-79 Some Simple Sawtooth Wave Generators AN-80 Handling and Application Precautions for FET Input Op-Amps AN-81 TI-59 Program for High-Ripple Chebyshev Poles AN-82 Data for High-Ripple Chebyshev Filters AN-83 Alarm Circuit AN-84 Reference Levels for Decibels AN-85 Measuring Op-Amp Parameters: Open-Loop Gain AN-86 Measuring Op-Amp Parameters: Input Error Values AN-87 Measuring Op-Amp Parameters: Output Drive Limitations AN-88 Measuring Op-Amp Parameters: Input Resistance, CMRR AN-89 Measuring Op-Amp Parameters: Bandwidth Limitations AN-90 Resonant Peaking in Second-Order Filters AN-91 DC Gain of State-Variable Filters AN-92 Three Ways to Partial Fractions AN-93 Logic Decisions with Op-Amps AN-94 N Or More of M - Op-Amp Logic AN-95 AC Amplifiers with Op-Amps AN-96 TI-59 Program for 9Oø Phase Differencing Networks AN-97 The Transferable Power Supply AN-98 IC Regulators for Small Bench Supplies AN-99 TI-59 Program for the "Deliyannis" Bandpass Filter AN-100 Op-Amp Selection Guide - 1978 AN-101 Delay Lines Setup with the MN3003 AN-102 Bipolar Summing Control with One Pot AN-103 Second-Order Step Response AN-104 A Hidden Bandpass Decoupling Stage AN-105 Considerations for Bilinear z-Transformed Delay Line Networks AN-106 Current Mirrors AN-107 Matched Filters for Sequence Detection AN-108 Series Expansions (Where Calculators Fear to Tread) AN-109 Taylor Series Expansions AN-110 Some Useful Series Expansions AN-111 TI-59 Program for Bessel Functions AN-112 Differential and Buffered Differential Amplifiers AN-113 Biquadratic Functions with State-Variable Filters AN-114 A Frequency-to-Voltage Converter AN-115 Triangle-to-Sine Converters Using Nonlinear Shapers AN-116 Triangle-to-Sine Conversion Based on Power Series AN-117 Transversal Digital Filter Demonstration Program for TI-59 Calculator AN-118 Transversal Filter Program - Instructions and Examples AN-119 More Transversal Filter Examples AN-120 Full-Wave Rectifiers AN-121 A State-Variable Configuration with Constant Peak Response AN-122 AC Amplifiers with Transistors AN-123 Single Supply Setup for IC Amplifiers AN-124 An Experimental Switched Capacitor Filter AN-125 Applying the AD581 Voltage Reference AN-126 A Lock-In Detector Circuit AN-127 Applying the Lock-In Detector AN-128 A Semiautomatic CA3080 Selection Scheme AN-129 Touch-Controlled Switches - 1 AN-130 Touch-Controlled Switches - 2 AN-131 Troubleshooting - 1 AN-132 Troubleshooting - 2 AN-133 Troubleshooting - 3 AN-134 Troubleshooting - 4 AN-135 Control-Voltage Test Sequencer AN-136 An Op-Amp Supply Based on a 12.6v Filament Transformer AN-137 A Switched Capacitor State-Variable Filter AN-138 Applying the Multiple-Feedback Infinite-Gain Low-Pass Filter AN-139 Catalogue - Second-Order Step Response AN-140 The Measurement of Phase AN-141 TI-59 - PC-100A Program for Deliyannis Bandpass Filter AN-142 The Documentation of Electronic Circuits AN-143 Simple Noise Sources AN-144 Simple Tricks with Logic Gates AN-145 Analysis of the "Deliyannis" Bandpass Filter AN-146 TI-59 Program for Second-Order Bilinear-Z Low-Pass AN-147 Choice of Design Parameters for Analogue Delay Line Comb Filters AN-148 Digital Frequency Dividers - Integer Division - 1 AN-149 Digital Frequency Dividers - Integer Division - 2 AN-150 Digital Frequency Dividers - Integer Division - 3 AN-151 Digital Frequency Dividers - Integer Division - 4 AN-152 Digital Frequency Dividers - Non-Integer Division AN-153 Frequency Multiplication - 1 AN-154 Frequency Multiplication - 2 AN-155 Frequency Multiplication - 3 AN-156 Second-Order Frequency Response AN-157 Second-Order Frequency Response - Curve Data AN-158 Transconductor Transfer Curves for the CA3080 AN-159 Bugs and Debugs - Series 1 AN-160 Efficient Calculation of the Fourier Series of Rectangular Functions AN-161 Correlation-Cancellation Loops - 1, Basics AN-162 Correlation-Cancellation Loops - 2, Experimental Circuit AN-163 Correlation-Cancellation Loops - 3, Loop with Quadrature Reference AN-164 Correlation-Cancellation Loops - 4, Additional Comments AN-165 90ø Phase-Difference Networks - Basics and Data AN-166 90ø Phase-Difference Networks - Use of Phase Shift Sections AN-167 90ø Phase-Difference Networks - Second-Order All-Pass Networks - 1 AN-168 Second-Order All-Pass Networks - 2 AN-169 Second-Order All-Pass Networks - 3 AN-170 Second-Order All-Pass Networks - 4 AN-171 Analogue Integrators - 1, Basics: Stability, True and Leaky Integrators AN-172 Analogue Integrators - 2, The Leaky Integrator - A Low-Pass Filter AN-173 Analogue Integrators - 3, Positive, Summed, and Differential Integrators AN-174 Analogue Integrators - 4, The Deboo Integrator AN-175 Analogue Integrators - 5, Response of a Stable Integrator AN-176 Analogue Integrators - 6, Miscellaneous Observations AN-177 Applications of Uncompensated Op-Amps AN-178 Basics - Op-Amps AN-179 Basics - Op-Amps - A Bit More AN-180 Basics - Logic ICs AN-181 Basics - Miscellaneous ICs AN-182 Second-Order Low-Pass Filters Using Voltage Follower AN-183 Elements of Notch Filter Design AN-184 Selection of Notch and Bandstop Responses AN-185 Notch Filter Using Simulated Inductor AN-186 State-Variable Input-Notch Structure AN-187 State-Variable Output-Notch Structure AN-188 The Bootstrapped Twin-T Notch AN-189 Notch Filters Using Bandpass Subtraction AN-190 A Sawtooth Frequency Multiplier AN-191 The Basic Ideas of Calculus AN-192 The Basic Ideas of Complex Numbers AN-193 Philosophy of Mathematical Models AN-194 Simple Shelving Equaliser AN-195 Precision Work with 5% Resistors AN-196 Capacitors - 1 AN-197 Capacitors - 2 AN-198 Distortion - 1 AN-199 Distortion - 2 AN-200 Some Simple Good Design Ideas AN-201 Fourier Series Coefficients from Fourier Transform AN-202 A Feedforward Almost-Flash A/D Converter AN-203 Four-Quadrant Multiplier Based On Operational transconductance Amplifier AN-204 Quadrature Circuits For Amplitude Detection And Frequency Differencing AN-205 Relationships Between Trigonometric And Complex Fourier Series AN-206 Amplitude Spectra From Fourier Series Coefficients AN-207 High Order Butterworth Filters - Design AN-208 High Order Butterworth Filters - Trimming AN-209 Limited Depth Notch Filtering AN-210 AC Amplifiers With Op-Amps: High Frequency Limits AN-211 Mathematical Notation And Conventions - English Letters and Symbols AN-212 Mathematical Notation And Conventions - Greek Letters and Symbols AN-213 Mathematical Notation And Conventions - Misc. Terms and Symbols AN-214 Third-Order Low-Pass with Unity-Gain Follower AN-215 A Simple Mid-Range Booster AN-216 Bench Loudspeaker Amplifier with Op-Amps AN-217 Phase-Locked Loops - 1 AN-218 Phase-Locked Loops - 2 AN-219 Phase-Locked Loops - 3 AN-220 Phase-Locked Loops - 4 AN-221 Phase-Locked Loops - 5 AN-222 Working with Finite Gain-Bandwidth-Product Op-Amps - 1, Amplifiers AN-223 Working with Finite Gain-Bandwidth-Product Op-Amps - 2, Sallen-Key Filters AN-224 Working with Finite Gain-Bandwidth-Product Op-Amps - 3, NFIG Filters AN-225 Working with Finite Gain-Bandwidth-Product Op-Amps - 4, Integrators AN-226 Quantization Errors In Digital Systems - 1, Large, Complex, Signals AN-227 Quantization Errors In Digital Systems - 2, Low-Level Simple Signals AN-228 Spectral Shaping of Hold Devices AN-229 Simple Signal Prediction Systems AN-230 Distortion In Digitally Generated Sine Waves, Part 1 AN-231 Distortion In Digitally Generated Sine Waves, Part 2 AN-232 Resistor Averaging Networks AN-233 Resistor Level Shifting Networks, Part 1 - Theory AN-234 Resistor Level Shifting Networks, Part 2 - Formulas and Examples AN-235 Active, Non-Inverting Level Shifting AN-236 Response of Equal Tap Weight FIR Filters AN-237 FIR Filters with triangle and Square Tap Weights AN-238 FIR Filters with Sinusoidal Tap Weights AN-239 FIR Filters from Fourier-Series of Ideal Response AN-240 Dimensional Analysis AN-241 Angles for Pole Plotting AN-242 TI-59 Program for Chebyshev Poles AN-243 Inductance Simulation With A Gyrator AN-244 Filter Based On Op-Amp Poles AN-245 FIR Filters With Square Wave Taps AN-246 The Prewarp Problem In Bilinear-Z Method - 1 AN-247 The Prewarp Problem In Bilinear-Z Method - 2 AN-248 The Prewarp Problem In Bilinear-Z Method - 3 AN-249 Calculations For Space Satellites - 1 AN-250 Calculations For Space Satellites - 2 AN-251 New Frequency Response Program For TI-59 AN-252 The Theory Of FIR Filter Frequency Response - 1 AN-253 The Theory Of FIR Filter Frequency Response - 2 AN-254 TI-59 Program For |H(z)| Based On FIR Filter Taps AN-255 TI-59 Program For |H(z)| Without Factoring AN-256 TI-59 Program For |T(s)| Without Factoring AN-257 Op-Amp Noise gain AN-258 Notes On Various Window Functions AN-259 Windowing Of FIR Filter Taps - 1 AN-260 Windowing Of FIR Filter Taps - 2 AN-261 TI-59 Program for FIR Filter Taps AN-262 FIR Filters With Exponential Taps AN-263 Bilinear Z Design Program For TI-59/PC100A AN-264 Bilinear Z-Transform Design Example AN-265 Design Of Digital Hilbert Transformers AN-266 Active Compensation Of The Integrator AN-267 Impulse Invariance Digital Filter Design - 1 AN-268 Impulse Invariance Digital Filter Design - 2 AN-269 Impulse Invariance Digital Filter Design - 3 AN-270 Frequency Tuning Of Digital Filters AN-271 Frequency Response Of Bandpass Filters AN-272 Time Response Of Bandpass Filters AN-273 Bessel Filter Poles AN-274 Bessel Filter Example AN-275 Design Of Chebyshev Filters - 1 AN-276 Design Of Chebyshev Filters - 2 AN-277 Introduction To Elliptical Filters AN-278 Numerical Aids To Filter Tuning AN-279 Measuring The Q Of Bandpass Filters AN-280 Highpass From Lowpass - Example AN-281 Active Simulation Of Passive LC Filters AN-282 --- MISSING --- AN-283 Negative Gain VCVS Lowpass AN-284 Passive Sensitivity [Lowpass Filters] AN-285 Notes On Calculating Passive Sensitivity AN-286 Useful Hints On Setting Up And Correctly Solving Active Networks AN-287 Biquadratic Circuit Realisations AN-288 Notes On Impulse Invariance AN-289 Wires AN-290 Identification Of Parts AN-291 Digital Lattice Filters AN-292 Windows For Signal Processing AN-293 Frequency Sample Filters And Related Devices AN-294 Analysis Of Switched Capacitor Integrator Configurations AN-295 Finite Word Length Effects In Digital Filters AN-296 A Coefficient Roundoff Sensitivity Example AN-297 Coefficient Space Study Of Second-Order Digital Filters AN-298 A Class Of Limit Cycles AN-299 Design Considerations For Digital Sinewave Oscillators AN-300 Three Random Points About Random Signals (i) Addition Of Noise Sources (ii) Signal To Noise Ratio Improved By Parallel Amplifiers (iii) Quantization Noise AN-301 Filters Based On MFIG Bandpass And Related Topics AN-302 TMS32010 EVM Terminal Program AN-303 TMS32010 Terminal Program Instructions AN-304 TMS32010 Terminal Program Install Guide AN-305 Fourier Series Of Piecewise Constant Functions AN-306 Peak Amplitude Response In Second-Order Digital Filters AN-307 Some Notes On Digital Sequence Generation AN-308 Fourier Series Of Piecewise Continuous Functions AN-309 A View Of A Digital Sinewave Oscillator AN-310 Small-Scale Limit Cycles Due To Truncation AN-311 Extensions Of Equiripple FIR Filter Design AN-312 An Intuitive Approach To FFT Algorithms AN-313 Options For Low-Frequency Quadrature Digital Oscillators AN-314 Additional Quadrature Oscillator Methods AN-315 Least-Squared Error Filter Design AN-316 Least-Squared filters For Non-Integrator Delay And Interpolation AN-317 Polynomial Fitting For Sample-Rate Changing At Rational And Irrational Frequency Ratios AN-318 Time Domain Least-Squared Low-Pass Filters AN-319 Subtle Design Considerations For Hamming Windows AN-320 Wavelet Synthesis Of Walsh Functions AN-321 A Two-Component Aliasing Demonstration AN-322 Effects Of Multiplying Sequence By ñ1 AN-323 Sinc Interpolation For Sample Rate Changing At Irrational Frequency Ratios AN-324 Time Aliasing AN-325 Time Responses Of Basic RC Circuits AN-326 A Basis For Time-Response-Invariant Digital Filter Designs AN-327 A New Adaptive Filter Simulation Program AN-328 An Adaptive Filter Using The TMS320C30 AN-329 A Real-Time Autocorrelator Using The TMS320C25 AN-330 Properties Of Reciprocal Positions With Respect To The Unit Circle AN-331 An Interesting Adaptive Filter Case Resulting In A Notch Response AN-332 Weighted, Integrated, Least-Squared Error For FIR Filter Design AN-333 Design And Applications Of Inverse Chebyshev Filters AN-334 Design And Applications Of Elliptic Filters AN-335 Low-Pass To High-Pass Transformations: Analog And Digital Approaches AN-336 Low-Pass To Band-Pass Transformations: Analog And Digital Approaches AN-337 A General Review Of Frequency Sampling Design AN-338 Multiple-Order Unit Circle Zeros And Their Effect On Magnitude Response AN-339 Frequency Conventions For Discrete-Time Systems AN-340 To Views Of "Leakage" In DFT-Based Spectral Estimation AN-341 A Simple FIR Filter Based On An Analog Prototype Using Bilinear Z-Transform AN-342 Mathematical Considerations Relating To Equiripple Filters AN-343 A Simple Equiripple Filter Obtained By Iterating By Hand AN-344 A "Poor Mans" Sample-Hold Correction Obtained by Omitting a Butterworth Low-Pass Pole AN-345 Improved Signal/Noise Ratio with First Order Noise Shaping: An Example AN-346 Mathematical Derivations of Resampling, Compression, and Expansion AN-347 A Simple View of a Perfect Reconstruction Filter AN-348 Contrasting Sinewave Generation in the Analog and Digital Cases AN-349 Two Pole vs. Four-Pole Filters - The Issues AN-350 Linear Phase - The Term Taken Outside AN-351 Cascading Discrete and Continuous Holds AN-352 Phase Errors, Amplitude Errors, and Unwanted Sidebands in Frequency Shifters AN-353 A Note On The Gain And Time Constant of Integrators AN-354 A Simple (Simplest?) Side-Tracking Filter AN-355 enveloppe Extraction with the Hilbert Transform AN-356 Spectral Recovery for a Class of Non-Uniform (« Bunched ») Sampling AN-357 Consideration for a Noise Ordinance AN-358 Example Perfect Reconstruction Filters AN-359 DFT Length Conversion AN-360 Flat and Not-So-Flat Spectra AN-361 Passive Sensitivities and Tuning Equations AN-362 Customized Hamming Window with Filter Design Applications AN-363 Calculating the Bit-Saving Achieved with Noise-Shaping AN-364 Fourier Series and DFT AN-365 Frequency Analysis/Resolution with Few Samples AN-366 Unfiltering – Equalization AN-367 Some Comments on Fixed-Point Digital Oscillator Design AN-368 Interpolation with a Minimum Norm Polynomial AN-369 Two Dimensional Uniform Sampling AN-370 Lifting – A Third Approach to Wavelets AN-371 A 2D Wavelet Filtering Example AN-372 Interpolation Error in Sinewaves Tables AN-373 Interpretation of DFT as One Frequency Sinusoidal Waveforms AN-374 A View of Linear Invariant Systems AN-375 Moving Averages and Single Sinewave Cycles AN-376 Interpolation of Samples on a Square Lattice